Which state of feeling is often intense, lasts briefly, and is directed at a specific circumstance?

The correct answer is emotions. Emotions are defined as intense feelings that are directed toward a specific entity or situation, often triggered by particular events or circumstances. They are typically short-lived, usually lasting from seconds to a few minutes, but can be very powerful and affect an individual's thoughts and behavior immediately. For instance, experiencing joy upon receiving good news or anger when facing an unfair situation exemplifies how emotions can be intensely felt in response to specific triggers.

In contrast, moods are generally less intense, longer-lasting, and more diffuse, affecting overall emotional states rather than being tied to specific events. Affective responses encompass broader emotional experiences and can include both moods and emotions, but do not specifically focus on the intensity or brevity characteristic of emotions. Stress responses relate to reactions to perceived threats or pressures and often involve physiological changes, which differ from the immediate emotional reactions associated with specific circumstances.